Angela Hart, Author at KFF Health News https://kffhealthnews.org Tue, 14 Oct 2025 15:11:30 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.4 https://kffhealthnews.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/kffhealthnews-icon.png?w=32 Angela Hart, Author at KFF Health News https://kffhealthnews.org 32 32 161476233 La escasez de enfermeras en California se agrava, y las trabajadoras culpan a los directivos https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/la-escasez-de-enfermeras-en-california-se-agrava-y-las-trabajadoras-culpan-a-los-directivos/ Fri, 10 Oct 2025 14:50:41 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2101934 TURLOCK, California — California, al igual que gran parte del país, no está formando a suficientes enfermeras para satisfacer las necesidades de una población envejecida y diversa.

Esto genera una escasez de personal que podría poner en peligro la calidad de la atención a los pacientes.

Según datos estatales, casi el 60% de los condados de California —que se extienden entre las fronteras con México y Oregon— enfrentan una falta importante de enfermeras.

El gobernador demócrata Gavin Newsom y los legisladores estatales han intentado reforzar el personal sanitario del estado. Lo hacen, en parte, implementando las recomendaciones de la California Future Health Workforce Commission, un panel de 24 miembros integrado por representantes del estado, de los sindicatos, del mundo académico y de la industria.

En los últimos años, el estado ha ampliado las competencias de las enfermeras profesionales, permitiéndoles realizar algunas prácticas médicas —como solicitar estudios y recetar medicamentos— sin la supervisión médica tradicional. También ha trabajado para ampliar las plazas académicas de enfermería y los programas de formación.

Aun así, se espera que la escasez de enfermeras registradas en California aumente del 3,7% en 2024 al 16,7% para 2033 —más de 61.000 enfermeras— debido a la falta de reclutamiento, capacitación y retención, según Kathryn Phillips, subdirectora del equipo Improving Access de la California Health Care Foundation, una organización sin fines de lucro dedicada a la investigación y educación en el ámbito de la salud.

Se prevé que aumente la escasez regional de estas profesionales, especialmente en el Valle Central y en la zona rural del norte. “Existen déficits importantes y podrían agravarse”, declaró Phillips.

Los investigadores afirman que la brecha entre la oferta y la demanda de enfermería se ve agravada por la falta de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional y la alta rotación del personal en un sector de alta exigencia.

Las enfermeras y sus sindicatos, por el contrario, argumentan que el problema se debe principalmente a una crisis de personal provocada por la mala gestión y las pobres condiciones de trabajo.

Las enfermeras afirman que la suya sigue siendo una vocación noble, pero muchas dicen que se sienten presionadas para desocupar camas rápido y atender más pacientes. Este estrés puede disuadir a las jóvenes de ingresar a la profesión y llevar a las más experimentadas a abandonarla o a jubilarse temprano.

Los representantes del sector presentan estas preocupaciones como argumentos sindicales para aumentar los costos laborales, pero las enfermeras afirman que están perdiendo beneficios, además de trabajar en exceso, lo que debilita su moral y les dificulta brindar incluso atención médica básica en hospitales, clínicas y residencias de adultos mayores de todo el estado.

Lorena Burkett, enfermera del Emanuel Medical Center en Turlock, una ciudad agrícola en el corazón del Valle Central, contó que el año pasado estaba tan sobrecargada que no registró inmediatamente la historia clínica de un paciente psiquiátrico después de administrar la medicación, un paso fundamental para garantizar la dosis adecuada de los medicamentos.

“Me presionaron para que apurara el alta médica y olvidé escanear su medicación opioide; lo pasé por alto”, dijo Burkett, una veterana con 12 años de experiencia, que más tarde actualizó el historial del paciente. “Después de eso dije: no más. Debemos priorizar la atención al paciente, pero estamos bajo mucha exigencia para que los pacientes dejen las camas y así generar ganancias”.

Tenet Healthcare, el sistema hospitalario con fines de lucro con sede en Dallas que es propietario de Emanuel, se negó a responder a la afirmación de Burkett y a las preguntas sobre la dotación de personal. En un comunicado, el vocero de Tenet, Rob Dyer, afirmó que el hospital ofrece “atención de calidad y enfocada en el bienestar del paciente” y desestimó de manera general las preocupaciones de las enfermeras.

“Actualmente estamos negociando el contrato con el sindicato que representa a nuestro personal de enfermería y sospechamos que esto es lo que está detrás de estas afirmaciones falsas”, declaró.

Mejores condiciones para las enfermeras

Hace dos años, los legisladores estatales aprobaron $300 millones para ayudar a los hospitales con dificultades financieras a mantener sus operaciones, lo que puede incluir la retención del personal de enfermería.

Los legisladores también están intentando mejorar las condiciones laborales de las enfermeras de hospital y proteger la atención del paciente reforzando la dotación mínima de personal en los centros de salud. Algunos también piden que se invierta en una plantilla de enfermería más sólida.

“El personal de enfermería trabaja en hospitales y otros lugares que están muy escasos de personal”, afirmó Michelle Mahon, directora de prácticas de enfermería de National Nurses United, un sindicato que representa a 225.000 enfermeras.

Phillips explicó que las razones varían. En el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco, este personal debe lidiar con la falta de vivienda accesible y el alto costo de la vida y del cuidado infantil. En el Valle Central, la educación, la capacitación y la orientación son insuficientes. Y en el norte rural es difícil atraer suficientes enfermeras para reemplazar a las jubiladas y satisfacer las necesidades de una población que envejece.

Investigadores de la University of California-San Francisco que han estudiado la fuerza laboral de enfermería afirman que, si bien las personas siguen buscando trabajo en esta profesión, han disminuido tanto la matriculación de estudiantes como la de graduados.

La California Board of Registered Nursing informa que había casi 552.000 enfermeras registradas con licencias activas en California al 1 de octubre.

Sin embargo, la California Nurses Association afirma que un número significativamente menor ha estado ejerciendo, señalando que datos de 2024 indicaban que solo 350.850 trabajaban en su profesión.

El mismo problema persiste a nivel nacional, según National Nurses United, que informó que, en mayo de 2024, más de 1,1 millones de enfermeras registradas no trabajaban en el sector.

La vocera de la California Hospital Association, Jan Emerson-Shea, afirmó que los hospitales de todo el estado se enfrentan a “costos que están por las nubes” en mano de obra, productos farmacéuticos, equipos médicos y cumplimiento de las normativas gubernamentales.

Los costos de la atención a los pacientes se han disparado un 30% en los últimos cinco años y siguen aumentando, afirmó. Mientras tanto, el 53% de los hospitales del estado “pierden dinero cada día atendiendo a los pacientes”, añadió.

Y la situación podría empeorar.

Según la ley de impuestos y gastos del Partido Republicano, que el presidente Donald Trump denominó “One Big Beautiful Bill”, el estado estima que aproximadamente 3,4 millones de californianos podrían perder su cobertura médica debido, en parte, a importantes recortes a Medicaid y a nuevas normas, como los requisitos laborales que limitan la elegibilidad de los residentes de bajos ingresos y con discapacidades.

California corre el riesgo de perder $30 mil millones en fondos anuales y los hospitales se verán especialmente afectados porque dependen de los reembolsos federales y necesitan un número determinado de pacientes asegurados para mantenerse solventes.

Emerson-Shea afirmó que los hospitales de California podrían perder hasta $128 mil millones en una década  a consecuencia de esa ley.

“Esta proyección no incluye los probables aumentos en la atención no compensada debido a los requisitos laborales de Medicaid, las pérdidas de cobertura por la eliminación de los subsidios que dispone la Ley de Cuidado de Salud a Bajo Precio, las revisiones más frecuentes de Medi-Cal y las pérdidas de cobertura para quienes tienen un estatus migratorio irregular”, declaró Emerson-Shea.

Si bien algunos hospitales de California pierden dinero en la atención al paciente, los datos financieros muestran que la industria está generando ganancias: en 2024 alcanzó aproximadamente $11,5 mil millones en ingresos netos o beneficios, afirmó Kristof Stremikis, director de Market Analysis and Insight en la California Health Care Foundation.

Stremkins señaló datos estatales preliminares que comparan 365 hospitales. “La industria en su conjunto ha recuperado los niveles de rentabilidad previos a la pandemia”, afirmó.

Sin embargo, reconoció que los recortes a Medicaid reducirán los ingresos de todos los centros de salud.

Los hospitales se verán sobrecargados a medida que aumente el número de pacientes sin seguro médico, quienes a menudo llegan con enfermedades crónicas o traumatismos que pueden encarecer el tratamiento. Esto agravará los desafíos de la atención médica en comunidades con altos índices de pobreza y con una gran población beneficiaria del Medi-Cal, ya que el programa de protección social suele pagar a los hospitales y proveedores menos que los seguros privados o Medicare.

Antes de que se sientan los impactos de los recortes federales a la atención médica, algunos hospitales ya están cerrando debido a dificultades financieras. Otros han limitado el acceso a la atención e incluso cerrado salas de maternidad y de emergencia.

Persiste el agotamiento que causó la pandemia

Las enfermeras de primera línea afirmaron que el agotamiento del personal de salud, ampliamente documentado durante la pandemia de covid-19, todavía se siente hoy y se suma a la creciente demanda hospitalaria, lo que hace que muchos trabajadores se desvinculen del sector. Esta situación está impulsando a algunos hospitales a contratar más enfermeras itinerantes de otros estados.

En el Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital, un centro público con problemas financieros en el condado de San Benito, cerca de la Costa Central, la California Nurses Association informó que el hospital emplea a 22 enfermeras temporales, aunque el hospital dijo que son 16.

Las enfermeras locales señalaron que las trabajadoras temporales pueden aliviar la carga de trabajo, pero les preocupa que los hospitales las usen para evitar contratos laborales que requieren mejores salarios y beneficios. Ellas opinan que los hospitales deberían invertir en personal local bien capacitado y familiarizado con la comunidad.

La enfermera de urgencias Ariahnna Sánchez afirmó que los trabajadores de Hazel Hawkins, un centro de acceso crítico con 25 camas, se ven presionados a dar de alta a los pacientes rápidamente para poder atender a más personas. Según los representantes sindicales, a medida que se acercaba la renegociación de los contratos, los hospitales han recortado drásticamente las prestaciones y no han ofrecido aumentos adecuados para adaptarse al costo de la vida.

Los salarios varían según la región, pero el salario anual promedio de las enfermeras tituladas de California fue de $148,330 en 2024, según la U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

“La moral está muy baja en este momento”, declaró Sánchez. “Estamos intentando dar la batalla, pero constantemente retenemos en urgencias a personas que deberían ser ingresadas debido a que el hospital está al máximo de su capacidad”.

Los datos estatales muestran que el condado de San Benito tiene una escasez extrema de enfermeras y necesita unas 180 más para atender a la población local. Sin embargo, Hazel Hawkins niega que exista esa escasez.

La California Nurses Association sostiene que 40 enfermeras han abandonado el centro desde el año pasado, mientras que el hospital aseguró que reemplazó a 15 de las 21 profesionales que se marcharon.

El portavoz de Hawkins, Marcus Young, dijo que el personal de enfermería está confundiendo la dotación de personal con los protocolos para atender a los pacientes de urgencias cuando no hay suficientes camas.

“No hay escasez significativa de personal de enfermería y las operaciones hospitalarias no se están viendo afectadas en la actualidad”, afirmó Young. “Cumplimos plenamente en todo momento con la proporción de enfermeras por paciente exigida por el estado”, ratificó.

La ley de California establece un mínimo de personal en los hospitales, que va desde una enfermera por cada tres pacientes hasta una por cada cinco, según el nivel de atención que requiera cada uno.

Las investigaciones han demostrado que los errores clínicos pueden aumentar en hospitales y otros centros de atención médica cuando el personal de enfermería está estresado y trabaja en exceso.

Desde 2020, el estado ha emitido 32 multas a hospitales de California por incumplir los niveles mínimos de dotación de personal de enfermería, con sanciones económicas que ascienden a un total de $840,000, según el Department of Public Health del estado. Ni Hazel Hawkins ni el hospital Emanuel de Turlock recibieron citaciones. El portavoz Mark Smith afirmó que la agencia no podía dar información relacionada con ninguna “investigación potencial, pendiente o en curso” sobre centros de salud que presuntamente incumplen las proporciones estatales de enfermeras.

Burkett, la enfermera de Turlock, afirmó que, aunque puede atender hasta cinco pacientes a la vez, superó esa proporción dos veces el año pasado. En su último informe financiero trimestral, Tenet reportó $288 millones en ingresos netos, un aumento con respecto a los $259 millones del mismo período del año anterior.

“Tome esa asignación en contra de mi voluntad”, declaró Burkett, señalando que el sindicato distribuye formularios que protegen a las enfermeras de las consecuencias si cometen errores cuando atienden a más pacientes que los que permite el Estado.

“El formulario dice que estoy aceptando a estos pacientes en contra de mi criterio y estoy protegida porque no estoy de acuerdo con esto, pero el hospital me obliga a hacerlo”, añadió. “Es difícil. Quiero decir que simplemente hay que hacer malabarismos, lo que se pueda, con la esperanza de no perderse nada importante. No es seguro”.

La senadora estatal Caroline Menjivar, demócrata que representa parte de la región de Los Ángeles, puso un proyecto de ley para fortalecer la ley estatal de proporción de enfermeras por paciente en el escritorio del gobernador Newsom. En él exige que los hospitales se esfuercen más por encontrar enfermeras disponibles para cumplir con los requisitos de personal.

“Durante años, los hospitales han estado eludiendo la obligación de contar con una dotación mínima de personal de enfermería”, afirmó Menjivar, que fue técnica de emergencias médicas. “Si no proporcionamos más apoyo a nuestras enfermeras, no obtendremos la atención de calidad que se necesita”.

La sobrina de Menjivar, Megan Noguera-DeLeon, está entusiasmada con convertirse en enfermera, a pesar de los desafíos laborales. Estudiante de enfermería que espera graduarse el próximo año de la West Coast University in Southern California comentó que tiene familiares que trabajan como enfermeras y que le han advertido lo difícil que puede ser el trabajo. Le preocupa el agotamiento, pero mantiene su compromiso con su proyecto.

“Creo que cuidar a la gente es algo hermoso”, dijo Noguera-DeLeon. “Sé que este trabajo puede ser muy duro y que muchas enfermeras están sufriendo agotamiento, pero, sinceramente, he visto de primera mano cuánto pueden ayudar las enfermeras a los pacientes, incluso en los días más difíciles, y quiero ayudar a la gente”.

Esta historia fue producida por Kaiser Health News, que publica California Healthline, un servicio editorialmente independiente de la California Health Care Foundation.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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California’s Nursing Shortage Is Getting Worse. Front-Line Workers Blame Management. https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/california-nursing-shortage-medicaid-funding-management-profit-unions-burnout/ Wed, 08 Oct 2025 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?p=2098925&post_type=article&preview_id=2098925 TURLOCK, Calif. — California, like much of the nation, is not producing enough nurses working at bedsides to meet the needs of an aging and diverse population, fueling a workforce crunch that risks endangering quality patient care. Nearly 60% of California counties, stretching between the borders with Mexico and Oregon, face a nursing shortage, according to state data.

Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom and state lawmakers have tried to bolster the state’s health care workforce, in part by implementing recommendations from the California Future Health Workforce Commission, a 24-member panel of state, labor, academic, and industry representatives. The state in recent years has expanded the scope of practice for nurse practitioners, allowing them to practice medicine — ordering tests and prescribing medication, for instance — without traditional doctor supervision, and has worked to expand academic nursing slots and training programs.

Still, California’s shortage of registered nurses is expected to grow from 3.7% in 2024 to 16.7% by 2033, or more than 61,000 nurses, due to inadequate recruitment, training, and retention, according to Kathryn Phillips, associate director of the Improving Access team at the California Health Care Foundation, a nonprofit philanthropic organization specializing in health care research and education.

Regional shortages, particularly in the Central Valley and rural North, are expected to swell. “There are major deficits and those could get even worse,” Phillips said.

Researchers say the gap between nursing supply and demand is exacerbated by inadequate career pathways and high turnover in a labor-intensive industry, but nurses and their unions argue the problem is driven primarily by a management-induced staffing crisis and poor working conditions. Nurses say nursing remains a noble calling, but many report feeling pressured to turn over beds and take on more patients, stress that can dissuade young people from entering the field and drive experienced nurses to leave or retire early.

Industry representatives cast those concerns as union talking points to drive up labor costs, but nurses say they are losing benefits while being overworked, hobbling morale and hampering their ability to provide even basic health care in hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes around the state.

Lorena Burkett, a registered nurse at Emanuel Medical Center in Turlock, an agricultural city in the heart of the Central Valley, recounted being so overloaded last year that she didn’t promptly log a medical chart after administering a psychiatric patient’s medication, a critical step for ensuring proper drug doses.

“I was being told get him out, and I forgot to scan his opioid medication; I missed it,” said Burkett, a 12-year veteran, who later updated the patient’s record. “After that I said no more. We have to prioritize patient care, but we are under a lot of pressure to get patients out and turn profits.”

Tenet Healthcare, the Dallas-based for-profit hospital system that owns Emanuel, declined to respond to Burkett’s claim, as well as questions about staffing levels. In a statement, Tenet spokesperson Rob Dyer said that the hospital provides “quality and compassionate care” and broadly disputed nurses’ concerns.

“We are currently in contract negotiations with the union which represents our nurses,” he said, “and suspect that this is what is behind these false claims.”

Improving Conditions for Nurses

Two years ago, state lawmakers approved $300 million to help financially struggling hospitals maintain operations, which can include retaining nurses. Lawmakers are also trying to improve nurses’ work conditions in hospitals and to protect patient care by strengthening minimum nurse staffing at health care facilities. Some also call for investing in a more robust nursing workforce.

“Nurses are working in hospitals and other places that are severely understaffed,” said Michelle Mahon, director of nursing practice for National Nurses United, a union that represents 225,000 nurses.

Phillips said the reasons vary. In the San Francisco Bay Area, nurses must contend with a high cost of living, a lack of affordable housing, and expensive child care. In the Central Valley, there’s insufficient education, training, and mentoring. And the rural North has a hard time attracting enough nurses to replace those who are retiring and to meet the needs of an aging population.

University of California-San Francisco researchers who have studied the nursing workforce say although people are still seeking jobs in nursing, student enrollments and graduations have declined.

The California Board of Registered Nursing shows nearly 552,000 active licensed registered nurses in California as of Oct. 1. Yet the California Nurses Association says significantly fewer were practicing, pointing to 2024 data indicating only 350,850 were working in the field. The same problem persists nationally, according to National Nurses United, which reported that, as of May 2024, more than 1.1 million licensed nurses were not working in the field.

California Hospital Association spokesperson Jan Emerson-Shea said hospitals around the state are facing “skyrocketing costs” for labor, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, and compliance with government mandates. Patient care costs have soared 30% in the past five years and continue to rise, she said. Meanwhile, 53% of hospitals in the state “lose money every day caring for patients,” she said.

And it could get worse.

Under the GOP tax-and-spending bill that President Donald Trump called the “One Big Beautiful Bill,” the state estimates roughly 3.4 million Californians could lose health coverage due in part to major Medicaid cuts and new rules like work requirements that narrow eligibility for low-income and disabled residents. California is at risk of losing $30 billion in annual funding, and hospitals will be hit particularly hard because they rely on federal reimbursements and need enough insured patients to remain solvent.

Emerson-Shea said California hospitals stand to lose up to $128 billion over 10 years due to the law.

“This projection does not include the likely increases in uncompensated care due to Medicaid work requirements, coverage losses due to the elimination of the Affordable Care Act subsidies, more frequent Medi-Cal redeterminations, and coverage losses for those with unsatisfactory immigration status,” Emerson-Shea said.

While some California hospitals lose money on patient care, financial data shows the industry is making money, earning about $11.5 billion in net income, or profit, in 2024, said Kristof Stremikis, director of Market Analysis and Insight at the California Health Care Foundation, pointing to preliminary state data comparing 365 hospitals. “The industry as a whole has returned to pre-covid profitability levels,” Stremikis said.

He acknowledged, though, that Medicaid cuts will reduce revenue for all facilities.

Hospitals will be burdened as uninsured patients, who often arrive with prolonged illness or injuries that can make treatment more expensive, increase in number. That will exacerbate health care challenges in high-poverty communities with large Medi-Cal populations, since the safety net program generally pays hospitals and providers less than private insurance or Medicare.

Already, some hospitals are closing due to financial struggles, before the impacts of the federal health care cuts are felt, and others are limiting access to care, including by shuttering maternity wards and emergency rooms. Officials at Glenn Medical Center, about 85 miles north of Sacramento, reported that it would be shutting down its ER at the end of September due to staffing shortages.

Pandemic-Era Burnout Persists

Front-line nurses said the well-documented burnout of health workers from the covid-19 pandemic, mixed with growing hospital demands, is still being felt today as many part ways with the industry. That is prompting some hospitals to hire more traveling nurses from out of state.

At Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital, a financially strained public facility in San Benito County near the Central Coast, the California Nurses Association said the hospital is employing 22 traveling nurses, although the hospital put the number at 16. Local nurses said temporary workers can ease workloads, but they worry hospitals are using traveling nurses to avoid labor contracts that require higher pay and benefits. They say hospitals should invest in well-trained, local staff familiar with the community.

ER nurse Ariahnna Sanchez said workers at Hazel Hawkins, a 25-bed critical access facility, are pressured to discharge patients quickly so more patients can be seen. As union contracts come up for renegotiation, union officials say, hospitals have slashed benefits and haven’t offered adequate raises to keep up with the cost of living. Salaries vary by region but the average annual wage for California registered nurses was $148,330 in 2024, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

“The morale is so bad right now,” Sanchez said. “We’re trying to fight the good fight but we’re constantly holding people in the emergency room who should be admitted due to the hospital being at max capacity.”

State data shows San Benito County has an extreme shortage of nurses and needs about 180 more to accommodate the local population. But Hazel Hawkins disputes it has a shortage. The California Nurses Association said 40 nurses have left since last year, whereas the hospital said it has replaced 15 of 21 departing nurses.

Hazel Hawkins spokesperson Marcus Young said nurses are conflating staffing levels with protocols for handling ER patients when there aren’t enough beds. “There is no material shortage of nurses and hospital operations are not being impacted today,” Young said. “We are in full compliance with state-mandated nurse-to-patient ratios at all times.”

California law dictates staffing minimums at hospitals, ranging from one nurse for every three patients to one nurse for every five patients, depending on the level of care the patients require. Research has shown that clinical errors can increase in hospitals and other health care workplaces when nurses are stressed and overwhelmed. Studies indicate that burnout related to work overload, career satisfaction, and patient satisfaction is a major concern and can lead to mistakes.

The state has issued 32 citations to California hospitals since 2020 for violating these minimum nurse staffing levels, financial penalties totaling $840,000, according to the state Department of Public Health. Neither Hazel Hawkins nor the Turlock hospital Emanuel had any citations. Spokesperson Mark Smith said the agency could not provide information on any “potential, pending or ongoing investigations” into health care facilities alleged to be in violation of state nursing ratios.

Burkett, the nurse in Turlock, said though she can see up to five patients at a time, she exceeded her ratio twice in the past year. In its latest quarterly financial filing, Tenet reported $288 million in net income, up from $259 million over the same period last year.

“I’ve taken that assignment against my will,” Burkett said, noting that the union distributes forms protecting nurses from repercussions if mistakes happen on their watch when they take on more patients than the state allows. “It says I’m taking these patients against my better judgment and I’m protected because I am not agreeing to this, but the hospital is making me do it,” she added. “It’s tough. I mean, you just have to juggle and do what you can and hope you’re not going to miss something important. It’s not safe.”

State Sen. Caroline Menjivar, a Democrat representing part of the Los Angeles region, has legislation on Newsom’s desk to strengthen the state’s nurse-to-patient ratio law by requiring hospitals to work harder to identify available nurses to meet staffing mandates.

“Hospitals for years have been getting a pass on minimum nurse staffing,” said Menjivar, a former emergency medical technician. “If we do not provide more support to our nurses, then we do not get the quality care that is needed.”

Menjivar’s niece Megan Noguera-DeLeon is excited about becoming a nurse, despite workplace challenges. A nursing student who expects to graduate next year from West Coast University in Southern California, she said relatives who work as nurses have warned her how tough the job can be. She’s worried about burning out but remains committed to the mission.

“I think taking care of people is a beautiful thing,” Noguera-DeLeon said. “I know this job can be really hard and a lot of nurses are experiencing burnout, but honestly I’ve seen firsthand how much nurses can help people even on the darkest of days, and I want to help people.”

This article was produced by KFF Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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This story can be republished for free (details).

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Trump Administration Investigates Medicaid Spending on Immigrants in Blue States https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/trump-administration-cms-medicaid-waste-fraud-abuse-immigrants-states/ Fri, 05 Sep 2025 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2083846 SACRAMENTO, Calif. — The Trump administration is taking its immigration crackdown to the health care safety net, launching Medicaid spending probes in at least six Democratic-led states that provide comprehensive health coverage to poor and disabled immigrants living in the U.S. without permanent legal status.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services is scouring payments covering health care for immigrants without legal status to ensure there isn’t any waste, fraud, or abuse, according to public records obtained by KFF Health News and The Associated Press. While acknowledging that states can bill the federal government for Medicaid emergency and pregnancy care for immigrants without legal status, federal officials have sent letters notifying state health agencies in California, Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington that they are reviewing federal and state payments for medical services such as prescription drugs and specialty care.

The federal agency told the states it is reviewing claims as part of its commitment to maintain Medicaid’s fiscal integrity. California is the biggest target after the state self-reported overcharging the federal government for health care services delivered to immigrants without legal status, determined to be at least $500 million, spurring the threat of a lawsuit.

“If CMS determines that California is using federal money to pay for or subsidize healthcare for individuals without a satisfactory immigration status for which federal funding is prohibited by law,” according to a letter dated March 18, “CMS will diligently pursue all available enforcement strategies, including, consistent with applicable law, reductions in federal financial participation and possible referrals to the Attorney General of the United States for possible lawsuit against California.”

The investigations come as the White House and a Republican-controlled Congress slashed taxpayer spending on immigrant health care through cuts in President Donald Trump’s spending-and-tax law passed this summer. The administration is also pushing people living in the U.S. without authorization off Medicaid rolls. Health policy experts say these moves could hamper care and leave safety net hospitals, clinics, and other providers financially vulnerable. Some Democratic-led states — California, Illinois, and Minnesota — have already had to end or slim down their Medicaid programs for immigrants due to ballooning costs. Colorado is also considering cuts due to cost overruns.

At the same time, 20 states are pushing back on Trump’s immigration crackdown by suing the administration for handing over Medicaid data on millions of enrollees to deportation officials. A federal judge temporarily halted the move. California’s attorney general, Rob Bonta, who led that challenge, says the Trump administration is launching a political attack on states that embrace immigrants in Medicaid programs.

“The whole idea that there’s waste, fraud, and abuse is contrived,” Bonta said. “It’s manufactured. It’s invented. It’s a catchall phrase that they use to justify their predetermined anti-immigrant agenda.”

Trump Targets Immigrants

Immigrants lacking permanent legal status are not eligible to enroll in comprehensive Medicaid coverage. However, states bill the federal government for emergency and pregnancy care provided to anyone.

Fourteen states and Washington, D.C., expanded their Medicaid programs with their own funds to cover low-income children without legal status. Seven of those states, plus Washington, D.C., have also provided full-scope coverage to some adult immigrants living in the country without authorization.

The Trump administration appears to be targeting only states with full Medicaid coverage for both kids and adults without legal status. Utah, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, which provide Medicaid coverage only to immigrant children, have not received letters, for instance. CMS declined to provide a full list of states it is targeting.

Federal officials say it is their legal right and responsibility to scrutinize states for misspending on immigrant health coverage and are taking “decisive action to stop that.”

“It is a matter of national concern that some states have pushed the boundaries of Medicaid law to offer extensive benefits to individuals unlawfully present in the United States,” CMS spokesperson Catherine Howden said about the agency’s probe of selected states. The oversight is intended to “ensure federal funds are reserved for legally eligible individuals, not for political experiments that violate the law,” she said.

Health policy researchers and economists say providing Medicaid coverage to immigrants for preventive services and treatment of chronic health conditions staves off more costly care for patients down the road. It also tamps down insurance premium increases and the amount of uncompensated care for hospitals and clinics.

Francisco Silva, president and CEO of the California Primary Care Association, said the Trump administration is threatening to drive up health care costs and make it more difficult to access care.

“The impact is emergency rooms would get so crowded that ambulances have to be diverted away and people in a real emergency can’t get into the hospital, and public health threats like disease outbreaks,” Silva said.

California has taken a health-care-for-all approach, providing coverage to 1.6 million immigrants without legal status. The expansion, which was rolled out from 2016 to 2024, is estimated to cost $12.4 billion this year. Of that, $1.3 billion is paid by the federal government for emergency and pregnancy-related care.

As California rolled out its expansion, the state erroneously billed the federal government for care provided to immigrants without legal status — details that have not previously been reported and that former state officials shared with KFF Health News and the AP. The state improperly billed for services such as mental health and addiction services, prescription drugs, and dental care.

Jacey Cooper, who served as California’s Medicaid director from 2020 to 2023, said she discovered the error and reported it to federal regulators. Cooper said the state had been working to pay back at least $500 million identified by the federal government.

“Once I identified the problem, I thought it was really important to report it and we did,” Cooper said. “We take waste, fraud, and abuse very seriously.”

It’s not clear whether that money has been repaid. The state’s Medicaid agency says it does not know how CMS calculated the overpayments or “what is included in that amount, what time period it covers, and if or when it was collected,” said spokesperson Tony Cava.

California has an enormously complicated Medicaid program: It serves the largest population in the nation — nearly 15 million people — with a budget of nearly $200 billion this fiscal year.

Matt Salo, a national Medicaid expert, said these types of mistakes happen in states throughout the country because the program is rife with overlapping federal and state rules. Salo and other policy analysts agreed that states have the authority to administer their Medicaid programs as they see fit and root out misuse of federal funds.

And Michael Cannon, director of health policy studies at the libertarian Cato Institute, said the Trump administration’s actions “persecute a minority that’s unpopular with the powers that be.”

“The Trump administration cannot maintain that this effort has anything to do with maintaining the fiscal integrity of the Medicaid program,” Cannon said. “There are so much bigger threats to Medicaid’s fiscal integrity, that that argument just doesn’t wash.”

Immigrants’ Medicaid Under Attack

National Republicans have targeted health spending on immigrants in different ways. The GOP spending law, which Trump calls the “One Big Beautiful Bill,” will lower reimbursement to states around the country in October 2026. In California, for example, federal reimbursement for immigrants without legal status will go to 50% for emergency services, down from 90% for the Medicaid expansion population, according to Cava.

The Trump administration is also scaling back Medicaid coverage to immigrants with temporary legal status who were previously covered and announced in August that it would provide states with monthly reports pointing out enrollees whose legal status could not be confirmed by the Department of Homeland Security.

“Every dollar misspent is a dollar taken away from an eligible, vulnerable individual in need of Medicaid,” CMS Administrator Mehmet Oz said in a statement. “This action underscores our unwavering commitment to program integrity, safeguarding taxpayer dollars, and ensuring benefits are strictly reserved for those eligible under the law.”

States under review say they are following the law.

“Spending money on a congressionally authorized medical benefit program that helps people get emergency treatments for cancer, dialysis, and anti-rejection medications for organ transplants is decidedly not waste, fraud and abuse,” said Mike Faulk, deputy communications director for Washington state Attorney General Nick Brown.

Records show Washington Medicaid officials have been inundated with questions from CMS about federal payments covering emergency and pregnancy care for immigrants without legal status.

Emails show Illinois officials met with CMS and sought an extension to share its data. CMS denied that request and federal regulators told the state that its funding could be withheld.

“Thousands of Illinois residents rely on these programs to lawfully seek critical health care without fear of deportation,” said Melissa Kula, a spokesperson for the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, noting that any federal cut would be “impossible” for the state to backfill.

Shastri reported from Milwaukee.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

This article was produced by KFF Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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La administración Trump investiga el gasto de estados demócratas en Medicaid para inmigrantes https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/la-administracion-trump-investiga-el-gasto-de-estados-democratas-en-medicaid-para-inmigrantes/ Fri, 05 Sep 2025 08:55:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2084729 SACRAMENTO, California — La administración Trump ha extendido su política de mano dura en inmigración a la red de atención médica pública, iniciando investigaciones sobre el gasto de Medicaid en al menos seis estados liderados por demócratas.

Estos estados brindan cobertura médica integral a inmigrantes pobres y con discapacidades que viven en el país sin estatus migratorio permanente.

Los Centros de Servicios de Medicare y Medicaid (CMS) están examinando los pagos que cubren atención médica para personas sin papeles, para asegurarse que no haya malgasto, fraude o abuso, según registros públicos obtenidos por KFF Health News y The Associated Press.

Si bien el gobierno federal permite que los estados facturen servicios de emergencia y atención relacionada con el embarazo para estos inmigrantes, funcionarios federales han enviado cartas a agencias estatales de salud en California, Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, Oregon y Washington notificando que están revisando pagos estatales y federales por otros servicios médicos, como medicamentos recetados y atención especializada.

La agencia federal indicó a los estados que está revisando estos reclamos como parte de su compromiso por mantener la integridad financiera de Medicaid.

El principal objetivo es California, después que el propio estado informara haber cobrado de más al gobierno federal por servicios ofrecidos a inmigrantes sin estatus legal, por al menos $500 millones, lo que generó la amenaza de una demanda.

Según una carta con fecha del 18 de marzo, “si los CMS determinan que California está usando fondos federales para pagar o subsidiar atención médica para personas sin un estatus migratorio satisfactorio, para los cuales está prohibido por ley el financiamiento federal… los CMS aplicarán con diligencia todas las estrategias de cumplimiento disponibles, incluidas, de acuerdo con la ley aplicable, reducciones en la participación financiera federal y posibles derivaciones al fiscal general de Estados Unidos para una posible demanda contra California”.

Las investigaciones surgen mientras la Casa Blanca y el Congreso, controlado por los republicanos, recortan el gasto público en atención médica para inmigrantes, mediante los recortes de la ley fiscal y presupuestaria del presidente Donald Trump aprobada este verano. La administración también está impulsando que se elimine de Medicaid a las personas que viven en el país sin papeles.

Expertos en políticas de salud advierten que estas acciones podrían dificultar el acceso a atención médica y dejar vulnerables desde el punto de vista financiero a hospitales, clínicas y otros proveedores que forman parte de la red de seguridad.

Algunos estados liderados por demócratas —como California, Illinois y Minnesota— ya han tenido que reducir o finalizar sus programas de Medicaid para inmigrantes debido al aumento de los costos. Colorado también está considerando recortes por exceso de gastos.

Al mismo tiempo, 20 estados están demandando al gobierno federal por entregar datos de Medicaid de millones de beneficiarios a las autoridades migratorias. Un juez federal detuvo temporalmente esa acción. Rob Bonta, fiscal general de California, quien lidera este desafío, sostiene que la administración Trump está lanzando un ataque político contra los estados que incluyen a inmigrantes en sus programas de Medicaid.

“La idea de que hay malgasto, fraude y abuso es inventada”, dijo Bonta. “Es un pretexto. Es una frase genérica que usan para justificar su agenda antiinmigrante predeterminada”.

Grupo demográfico en la mira de Trump

Los inmigrantes sin estatus migratorio permanente no son elegibles para acceder a la cobertura médica completa de Medicaid. Sin embargo, los estados sí pueden facturar al gobierno federal por atención de emergencia y servicios relacionados con el embarazo que se ofrezcan a cualquier persona.

Catorce estados, y Washington, D.C., han ampliado sus programas de Medicaid con sus propios fondos para cubrir a niños de bajos recursos sin papeles. Siete de esos estados, además de D.C., también ofrecen cobertura integral a algunos adultos inmigrantes que viven en el país sin autorización.

La administración Trump parece estar enfocándose exclusivamente en los estados que ofrecen cobertura completa de Medicaid tanto a niños como a adultos sin papeles. Por ejemplo, Utah, Massachusetts y Connecticut, que sólo cubren a niños inmigrantes, no han recibido cartas. Los CMS se negaron a proporcionar una lista completa de los estados bajo investigación.

Funcionarios federales sostienen que es su derecho y responsabilidad legal examinar si los estados están usando mal los fondos de Medicaid para cubrir la atención médica de inmigrantes, y aseguran que están tomando “acciones decisivas para detenerlo”.

“Es un tema de interés nacional que algunos estados hayan sobrepasado los límites de la ley de Medicaid al ofrecer beneficios extensos a personas que se encuentran ilegalmente en Estados Unidos”, dijo Catherine Howden, vocera de los CMS, refiriéndose a la auditoría en estados específicos. Este escrutinio busca “asegurar que los fondos federales se reserven para personas legalmente elegibles, y no para experimentos políticos que violan la ley”, dijo.

Investigadores en políticas de salud y economistas afirman que ofrecer cobertura médica a inmigrantes para servicios preventivos y tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas puede evitar gastos mayores en el futuro. También ayuda a contener el aumento de las primas y reduce la atención no remunerada en hospitales y clínicas.

Francisco Silva, presidente y director ejecutivo de la  California Primary Care Association, advirtió que la administración Trump está poniendo en riesgo el acceso a servicios de salud, y elevando los costos.

“El impacto sería que las salas de emergencia se saturarían, las ambulancias tendrían que ser desviadas y personas con emergencias reales no podrían entrar al hospital, además de riesgos de salud pública como brotes de enfermedades”, expresó Silva.

California ha adoptado un enfoque de atención médica para todos, y ofrece cobertura de salud a 1.6 millones de inmigrantes sin estatus legal. La expansión, implementada entre 2016 y 2024, se estima que costará $12.400 millones este año. De ese total, $1.300 millones son financiados por el gobierno federal para servicios de emergencia y relacionados con el embarazo.

Durante la implementación de la expansión, California facturó erróneamente al gobierno federal por servicios ofrecidos a inmigrantes sin estatus legal, según detalles no informados previamente, que ex funcionarios federales compartieron con KFF Health News y The Associated Press. El estado cobró de forma incorrecta por servicios como atención de salud mental y adicciones, medicamentos recetados y atención dental.

Jacey Cooper, quien fue directora de Medicaid en California entre 2020 y 2023, dijo que detectó el error y lo reportó a los reguladores federales. Cooper aseguró que el estado ha estado trabajando para reembolsar al menos $500 millones identificados por el gobierno federal.

“Una vez que identifiqué el problema, creí que era muy importante reportarlo, y lo hicimos”, dijo Cooper. “Nos tomamos muy en serio el malgasto, fraude y abuso”.

No está claro si ese dinero ya se devolvió. La agencia estatal de Medicaid dice que no sabe cómo los CMS calcularon los pagos indebidos ni “qué se incluye en ese monto, qué período cubre y si ya fue devuelto o no”, indicó el vocero Tony Cava.

California tiene un programa de Medicaid extremadamente complejo: atiende a la población más grande del país —cerca de 15 millones de personas— con un presupuesto de casi $200.000 millones para este año fiscal.

Matt Salo, experto nacional en Medicaid, dijo que este tipo de errores ocurren en todo el país, ya que el programa está lleno de reglas superpuestas entre los gobiernos estatales y el federal. Salo y otros analistas coinciden en que los estados tienen la autoridad de administrar sus programas de Medicaid según lo consideren adecuado y corregir el uso indebido de fondos federales.

Por su parte, Michael Cannon, director de estudios de políticas de salud en el Instituto Cato —un centro de tendnecia libertaria— afirmó que las acciones de la administración Trump “persiguen a una minoría que es impopular para quienes están en el poder”.

“La administración Trump no puede sostener que este esfuerzo tiene que ver con mantener la integridad financiera del programa Medicaid”, dijo Cannon. “Hay amenazas mucho más grandes para la integridad financiera de Medicaid, por lo que ese argumento no se sostiene”.

Menos, o nada, de cobertura para inmigrantes

A nivel nacional, los republicanos han apuntado al gasto en salud para inmigrantes desde distintos frentes.

La ley de presupuesto del Partido Republicano, que Trump llama la “Grande y Hermosa Ley” (One Big Beautiful Bill), reducirá los reembolsos a los estados a partir de octubre de 2026. Por ejemplo, en California, el reembolso federal por servicios de emergencia para inmigrantes sin estatus legal pasará a ser del 50%, comparado con el 90% actual para la población cubierta por la expansión de Medicaid, según explicó Cava.

La administración Trump también está reduciendo la cobertura de Medicaid para inmigrantes con estatus legal temporal que antes estaban cubiertos, y anunció en agosto que enviará a los estados informes mensuales que destacan a beneficiarios cuyo estatus migratorio no ha sido confirmado por el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional.

“Cada dólar malgastado es un dólar que se le quita a una persona vulnerable y elegible que necesita Medicaid”, dijo en un comunicado Mehmet Oz, administrador de los CMS. “Esta acción subraya nuestro firme compromiso con la integridad del programa, la protección de los recursos públicos y la garantía de que los beneficios se otorguen exclusivamente a quienes son elegibles por ley”.

Los estados bajo revisión aseguran que están cumpliendo con la ley.

“Gastar dinero en un programa de beneficios médicos autorizado por el Congreso que ayuda a las personas a recibir tratamientos de emergencia para cáncer, diálisis y medicamentos antirrechazo para trasplantes de órganos no es, de ninguna manera, malgasto, fraude o abuso”, dijo Mike Faulk, subdirector de comunicaciones del fiscal general del estado de Washington, Nick Brown.

Los registros muestran que funcionarios de Medicaid en Washington han recibido muchas preguntas de los CMS sobre los pagos federales que cubren atención de emergencia y embarazo para inmigrantes sin papeles.

Correos electrónicos revelan que funcionarios de Illinois se reunieron con los CMS y pidieron una prórroga para compartir sus datos. La entidad les negó la solicitud y les advirtió que su financiación podría ser retenida.

“Miles de residentes de Illinois dependen de estos programas para recibir atención médica crítica sin temor a ser deportados”, dijo Melissa Kula, vocera del Departamento de Servicios de Salud y Atención Médica del estado, indicando que cualquier recorte federal sería “imposible” de compensar por parte del estado.

Shastri reportó desde Milwaukee.

El Departamento de Salud y Ciencia de The Associated Press recibe apoyo del Departamento de Educación Científica del Instituto Médico Howard Hughes y de la Fundación Robert Wood Johnson. AP es el único responsable de todo el contenido.

Esta historia fue producida por Kaiser Health News, que publica California Healthline, un servicio editorialmente independiente de la California Health Care Foundation.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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In a Nation Growing Hostile Toward Drugs and Homelessness, Los Angeles Tries Leniency https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/los-angeles-skid-row-care-campus-drug-use-addiction-harm-reduction-mental-illness/ Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?p=2056336&post_type=article&preview_id=2056336 LOS ANGELES — Inside a bright new building in the heart of Skid Row, homeless people hung out in a canopy-covered courtyard — some waiting to take a shower, do laundry, or get medication for addiction treatment. Others relaxed on shaded grass and charged their phones as an intake line for housing grew more crowded.

The Skid Row Care Campus officially opened this spring with ample offerings for people living on the streets of this historically downtrodden neighborhood. Pop-up fruit stands and tent encampments lined the sidewalks, as well as dealers peddling meth and fentanyl in open-air drug markets. Some people, sick or strung out, were passed out on sidewalks as pedestrians strolled by on a recent afternoon.

For those working toward sobriety, clinicians are on site to offer mental health and addiction treatment. Skid Row’s first methadone clinic is set to open here this year. For those not ready to quit drugs or alcohol, the campus provides clean syringes to more safely shoot up, glass pipes for smoking drugs, naloxone to prevent overdoses, and drug test strips to detect fentanyl contamination, among other supplies.

As many Americans have grown increasingly intolerant of street homelessness, cities and states have returned to tough-on-crime approaches that penalize people for living outside and for substance use disorders. But the Skid Row facility shows Los Angeles County leaders’ embrace of the principle of harm reduction, a range of more lenient strategies that can include helping people more safely use drugs, as they contend with a homeless population estimated around 75,000 — among the largest of any county in the nation. Evidence shows the approach can help individuals enter treatment, gain sobriety, and end their homelessness, while addiction experts and county health officials note it has the added benefit of improving public health.

“We get a really bad rap for this, but this is the safest way to use drugs,” said Darren Willett, director of the Center for Harm Reduction on the new Skid Row Care Campus. “It’s an overdose prevention strategy, and it prevents the spread of infectious disease.”

Despite a decline in overdose deaths, drug and alcohol use continues to be the leading cause of death among homeless people in the county. Living on the streets or in sordid encampments, homeless people saddle the health care system with high costs from uncompensated care, emergency room trips, inpatient hospitalizations, and, for many of them, their deaths. Harm reduction, its advocates say, allows homeless people the opportunity to obtain jobs, taxpayer-subsidized housing, health care, and other social services without being forced to give up drugs. Yet it’s hotly debated.

Politicians around the country, including Gov. Gavin Newsom in California, are reluctant to adopt harm reduction techniques, such as needle exchanges or supervised places to use drugs, in part because they can be seen by the public as condoning illicit behavior. Although Democrats are more supportive than Republicans, a national poll this year found lukewarm support across the political spectrum for such interventions.

Los Angeles is defying President Donald Trump’s agenda as he advocates for forced mental health and addiction treatment for homeless people — and locking up those who refuse. The city has also been the scene of large protests against Trump’s immigration crackdown, which the president has fought by deploying National Guard troops and Marines.

Trump’s most detailed remarks on homelessness and substance use disorder came during his campaign, when he attacked people who use drugs as criminals and said that homeless people “have no right to turn every park and sidewalk into a place for them to squat and do drugs.” Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. reinforced Trump’s focus on treatment.

“Secretary Kennedy stands with President Trump in prioritizing recovery-focused solutions to address addiction and homelessness,” said agency spokesperson Vianca Rodriguez Feliciano. “HHS remains focused on helping individuals recover, communities heal, and help make our cities clean, safe, and healthy once again.”

A comprehensive report led by Margot Kushel, a professor of medicine at the University of California-San Francisco, this year found that nearly half of California’s homeless population had a complex behavioral health need, defined as regular drug use, heavy drinking, hallucinations, or a recent psychiatric hospitalization.

The chaos of living outside, she said — marked by violence, sexual assault, sleeplessness, and lack of housing and health care — can make it nearly impossible to get sober.

Skid Row Care Campus

The new care campus is funded by about $26 million a year in local, state, and federal homelessness and health care money, and initial construction was completed by a Skid Row landlord, Matt Lee, who made site improvements on his own, according to Anna Gorman, chief operating officer for community programs at the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Operators say the campus should be able to withstand potential federal spending cuts because it is funded through a variety of sources.

Glass front doors lead to an atrium inside the yellow-and-orange complex. It was designed with input from homeless people, who advised the county not just on the layout but also on the services offered on-site. There are 22 recovery beds and 48 additional beds for mostly older homeless people, arts and wellness programs, a food pantry, and pet care. Even bunnies and snakes are allowed.

John Wright, 65, who goes by the nickname Slim, mingled with homeless visitors one afternoon in May, asking them what they needed to be safe and comfortable.

“Everyone thinks we’re criminals, like we’re out robbing everyone, but we aren’t,” said Wright, who is employed as a harm reduction specialist on the campus and is trying, at his own pace, to stop using fentanyl. “I’m homeless and I’m a drug addict, but I’m on methadone now so I’m working on it,” he said.

Nearby on Skid Row, Anthony Willis rested in his wheelchair while taking a toke from a crack pipe. He’d just learned about the new care campus, he said, explaining that he was homeless for roughly 20 years before getting into a taxpayer-subsidized apartment on Skid Row. He spends most of his days and nights on the streets, using drugs and alcohol.

The drugs, he said, help him stay awake so he can provide companionship and sometimes physical protection for homeless friends who don’t have housing. “It’s tough sometimes living down here; it’s pretty much why I keep relapsing,” said Willis, who at age 62 has asthma and arthritic knees. “But it’s also my community.”

Willis said the care campus could be a place to help him kick drugs, but he wasn’t sure he was ready.

Research shows harm reduction helps prevent death and can build long-term recovery for people who use substances, said Brian Hurley, an addiction psychiatrist and the medical director for the Bureau of Substance Abuse Prevention and Control at the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. The techniques allow health care providers and social service workers to meet people when they’re ready to stop using drugs or enter treatment.

“Recovery is a learning activity, and the reality is relapse is part of recovery,” he said. “People go back and forth and sometimes get triggered or haven’t figured out how to cope with a stressor.”

Swaying Public Opinion

Under harm reduction principles, officials acknowledge that people will use drugs. Funded by taxpayers, the government provides services to use safely, rather than forcing people to quit or requiring abstinence in exchange for government-subsidized housing and treatment programs.

Los Angeles County is spending hundreds of millions to combat homelessness, while also launching a multiyear “By LA for LA” campaign to build public support, fight stigma, and encourage people to use services and seek treatment. Officials have hired a nonprofit, Vital Strategies, to conduct the campaign including social media advertising and billboards to promote the expansion of both treatment and harm reduction services for people who use drugs.

The organization led a national harm reduction campaign and is working on overdose prevention and public health campaigns in seven states using roughly $70 million donated by Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York.

“We don’t believe people should die just because they use drugs, so we’re going to provide support any way that we can,” said Shoshanna Scholar, director of harm reduction at the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. “Eventually, some people may come in for treatment but what we really want is to prevent overdose and save lives.”

Los Angeles also finds itself at odds with California’s Democratic governor. Newsom has spearheaded stricter laws targeting homelessness and addiction and has backed treatment requirements for people with mental illness or who use drugs. Last year, California voters approved Proposition 36, which allows felony charges for some drug crimes, requires courts to warn people they could be charged with murder for selling or providing illegal drugs that kill someone, and makes it easier to order treatment for people who use drugs.

Even San Francisco approved a measure last year that requires welfare recipients to participate in treatment to continue receiving cash aid. Mayor Daniel Lurie recently ordered city officials to stop handing out free drug supplies, including pipes and foil, and instead to require participation in drug treatment to receive services. Lurie signed a recovery-first ordinance, which prioritizes “long-term remission” from substance use, and the city is also expanding policing while funding new sober-living sites and treatment centers for people recovering from addiction.

‘Harm Encouragement’

State Sen. Roger Niello, a Republican who represents conservative suburbs outside Sacramento, says the state needs to improve the lives of homeless people through stricter drug policies. He argues that providing drug supplies or offering housing without a mandate to enter treatment enables homeless people to remain on the streets.

Proposition 36, he said, needs to be implemented forcefully, and homeless people should be required to enter treatment in exchange for housing.

“I think of it as tough love,” Niello said. “What Los Angeles is doing, I would call it harm encouragement. They’re encouraging harm by continuing to feed a habit that is, quite frankly, killing people.”

Keith Humphreys, who worked in the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations and pioneered harm reduction practices across the nation, said that communities should find a balance between leniency and law enforcement.

“Parents need to be able to walk their kids to the park without being traumatized. You should be able to own a business without being robbed,” he said. “Harm reduction and treatment both have a place, and we also need prevention and a focus on public safety.”

Just outside the Skid Row Care Campus, Cindy Ashley organized her belongings in a cart after recently leaving a local hospital ER for a deep skin infection on her hand and arm caused by shooting heroin. She also regularly smokes crack, she said.

She was frantically searching for a home so she could heal from two surgeries for the infection. She learned about the new care campus and rushed over to get her name on the waiting list for housing.

“I’m not going to make it out here,” she said, in tears.

This article was produced by KFF Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Housing, Nutrition in Peril as Trump Pulls Back Medicaid Social Services https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/medicaid-medi-cal-social-determinants-health-california-guidance-trump-cms/ Mon, 19 May 2025 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2036575 During his first administration, President Donald Trump’s top health officials gave North Carolina permission to use Medicaid money for social services not traditionally covered by health insurance. It was a first-in-the-nation experiment to funnel health care money into housing, nutrition, and other social services.

Some poor and disabled Medicaid patients became eligible for benefits, including security deposits and first month’s rent for housing, rides to medical appointments, wheelchair ramps, and even prescriptions for fresh fruits and vegetables.

Such experimental initiatives to improve the health of vulnerable Americans while saving taxpayers on costly medical procedures and expensive emergency room care are booming nationally. Without homes or healthy food, people risk getting sicker, becoming homeless, and experiencing even more trouble controlling chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

Former President Joe Biden encouraged states to go big on new benefits, and the availability of social services exploded in states red and blue. Since North Carolina’s launch, at least 24 other states have followed by expanding social service benefits covered by Medicaid, the health care program for low-income and disabled Americans — a national shift that’s turning a system focused on sick care into one that prioritizes prevention. And though Trump was pivotal to the expansion, he’s now reversing course regardless of whether evidence shows it works.

In Trump’s second term, his administration is throwing participating states from California to Arkansas into disarray, arguing that social services should not be paid for by government health insurance. Officials at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, which grants states permission to experiment, have rescinded its previous broad directive, arguing that the Biden administration went too far.

“This administration believes that the health-related social needs guidance distracted the Medicaid program from its core mission: providing excellent health outcomes for vulnerable Americans,” CMS spokesperson Catherine Howden said in a statement.

“This decision prevents the draining of resources from Medicaid for potentially duplicative services that are already provided by other well-established federal programs, including those that have historically focused on food insecurity and affordable housing,” Howden added, referring to food stamps and low-income housing vouchers provided through other government agencies.

Trump, however, has also proposed axing funding for low-income housing and food programs administered by agencies including the departments of Housing and Urban Development and Agriculture — on top of Republican proposals for broader Medicaid cuts.

The pullback has led to chaos and confusion in states that have expanded their Medicaid programs, with both liberal and conservative leaders worried that the shift will upend multibillion-dollar investments already underway. Social problems such as homelessness and food insecurity can cause — or worsen — physical and behavioral health conditions, leading to sky-high health care spending. Medical care delivered in hospitals and clinics, for instance, accounts for only roughly 15% of a person’s overall health, while a staggering 85% is influenced by social factors such as access to healthy food and shelter for sleep, said Anthony Iton, a policy expert on social determinants of health.

Health care experts warn the disinvestment will come at a price.

“It will just lead to more death, more suffering, and higher health care costs,” said Margot Kushel, a primary care doctor in San Francisco and a leading researcher on homelessness and health care.

The Trump administration announced in a March 4 memo that it was rescinding Biden-era guidance dramatically expanding experimental benefits known as health-related social needs. Federal waivers are required for states to use Medicaid funds for most nontraditional social services outside of hospitals and clinics.

Last month, the administration told states that these services, which can also include high-speed internet and storage units, should not be part of Medicaid.

Future waiver requests allowing Medicaid to provide social services — a liberal philosophy — will be considered on a “case-by-case basis,” the administration said. Rather, it has signaled a conservative shift toward requiring most Medicaid beneficiaries to prove that they’re working or trying to find jobs, which puts an estimated 36 million Americans at risk of losing their health coverage.

“What they’re arguing is Medicaid has been expanded far beyond basic health care and it needs to be cut back to provide only basic coverage to those most desperately in need,” said Mark Peterson, a health policy expert at UCLA. “They’re making the case, which is not widely shared by specialists in the health care field, that it’s not the job of taxpayers and Medicaid to pay for all this stuff outside the traditional heath care system.”

Although states have not received formal guidance to end their social experiments, Peterson and other health policy researchers expect the administration not to renew waivers, which typically run in five-year intervals. Worse, legal experts say programs underway could be halted early.

Evidence supporting social investments by Medicaid is still nascent. An expansion in Massachusetts that provided food benefits reduced ER visits and hospitalizations, for instance. But often, it’s a mixed bag.

California is going the biggest, investing $12 billion over five years to provide a slew of new services, from intensive case management to help people with severe behavioral health conditions to housing and food assistance through a pair of federal waivers. The most popular benefits provided by health insurers are those that help homeless people on Medicaid by placing them in apartments or securing beds in recovery homes, covering up to $5,000 for security deposits, and preventing eviction.

Since the CalAIM program launched in 2022, it has served only a small fraction of the state’s nearly 15 million Medicaid beneficiaries, with roughly 577,000 referrals for benefits. Yet it has improved and even saved the lives of some of those lucky enough to get help, including Eric Jones, a 65-year-old Los Angeles resident.

“When I got diabetes, I didn’t know what to do and I had a hard time getting to my medical appointments,” said Jones, who lost his housing this year when his mom died but received services through his Medi-Cal insurer, L.A. Care. “My case manager got me rides to my appointments and also helped me get into an apartment.”

California is considering making some of its social services permanent after the CalAIM waivers expire at the end of 2026. Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration is adding more housing services, including up to six months of free rent under a third waiver approved by the Biden administration. Medi-Cal officials contended early evidence shows CalAIM has led to better care coordination and fewer hospital and ER visits.

“We are fully committed,” said Susan Philip, a deputy director for the state Department of Health Care Services, which administers the program. “We have invested so much.”

Health insurers, which deliver Medicaid coverage and receive greater funding to cover these additional benefits, say they’re worried the Trump administration will end or curtail the programs. “If we do things the same old way, we’re just going to generate the same old results — people getting sicker and health care costs continuing to rise,” said Charles Bacchi, president and CEO of the California Association of Health Plans, which represents insurers.

Industry leaders say the expansion is already changing lives.

“We believe wholeheartedly that housing is health, food is health, so seeing these programs disappear would be devastating,” said Kelly Bruno-Nelson, executive director of Medi-Cal for CalOptima Health, a health insurance provider in Orange County.

Oregon is also providing low-income Medicaid patients with a range of new services, including home-delivered healthy meals and rental payment assistance. Residents can even qualify for air conditioners, heaters, air filters, power generators, and mini fridges. State Medicaid officials say they remain committed to providing the benefits but worry about federal cuts.

“Climate change and housing instability are huge indicators of poor health,” said Josh Balloch, vice president of health policy and communications at AllCare Health, a Medicaid insurer in Oregon. “We hope to prove to the federal government that this is a good return on their investment.”

But even as the Trump administration curtails waivers, it is retaining discretion to provide social services in Medicaid, just on a smaller scale. Supporters say it’s fair to scrutinize where to draw the line on taxpayer spending, arguing that there isn’t always a direct health connection.

“We’re seeing these things increase, with the free rent, and we’re seeing some states pay for free internet, paying for furniture,” said Kody Kinsley, who previously served as North Carolina’s top health official. “We know there’s evidence for food and housing, but with all of these new benefits, we need to look closely at the evidence and the linkage to what actually drives health.”

Current North Carolina officials say they’re confident the new social services Medicaid provides in their state have resulted in better health and lower overall spending on expensive and acute care. Medicaid recipients there can even use the program to buy farm-fresh produce.

While it’s too soon to know whether these experiments have been effective elsewhere in the United States, early evidence in North Carolina shows promise: The state had saved $1,020 per participant a year into its experiment — operating in mostly rural counties — by reducing ER trips and hospitalizations.

State health officials also touted the economic benefits of driving business to family farms, home improvement contractors, and community-based organizations providing housing and social services.

“I welcome the challenge of demonstrating the effectiveness of our programs. It’s making for healthier people and healthier budgets,” said Jay Ludlam, deputy secretary for North Carolina’s Medicaid program. “Family farms that were on the verge of collapse after Hurricane Helene are now benefiting from a steady income while they also serve their community.”

This article was produced by KFF Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Trump retira servicios sociales de Medicaid, y pone en peligro la nutrición y la vivienda https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/trump-retira-servicios-sociales-de-medicaid-y-pone-en-peligro-la-nutricion-y-la-alimentacion/ Mon, 19 May 2025 08:55:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2037303 Durante su primer gobierno, los principales funcionarios de salud del presidente Donald Trump autorizaron a Carolina del Norte a utilizar dinero de Medicaid para servicios sociales que tradicionalmente no estaban cubiertos por el seguro médico. Fue un experimento pionero en el país para canalizar fondos de atención médica hacia vivienda, nutrición y otros servicios sociales.

Algunos beneficiarios de Medicaid pudieron acceder a beneficios, como dinero para pagar el depósito y el primer mes de un alquiler, transporte a citas médicas, rampas para sillas de ruedas e incluso recetas para frutas y verduras frescas.

Estas iniciativas experimentales, que buscan mejorar la salud de los estadounidenses vulnerables y, al mismo tiempo, ahorrar a los contribuyentes en costosos procedimientos médicos y atención de emergencias, están en auge a nivel nacional. Sin hogar ni alimentos saludables, las personas corren el riesgo de enfermarse más, quedarse sin hogar y experimentar aún más dificultades para controlar afecciones crónicas como la diabetes y las enfermedades cardíacas.

El ex presidente Joe Biden animó a los estados a apostar a gran escala por nuevos beneficios, y la disponibilidad de servicios sociales se disparó en los estados tanto republicanos como demócratas.

Desde el lanzamiento de Carolina del Norte, al menos otros 24 estados han seguido el ejemplo ampliando las prestaciones de servicios sociales cubiertos por Medicaid, el programa de atención médica para estadounidenses de bajos ingresos y con discapacidades. Este cambio nacional está transformando un sistema centrado en la atención médica en uno que prioriza la prevención. Y aunque Trump fue fundamental para la expansión, ahora está revirtiendo el rumbo, independientemente de si la evidencia demuestra que funciona.

En este segundo mandato de Trump, su administración está desorganizando a los estados participantes, desde California hasta Arkansas, argumentando que el seguro médico del gobierno no debería estar financiando servicios sociales. Funcionarios de los Centros de Servicios de Medicare y Medicaid (CMS), que otorgan a los estados permiso para experimentar, han rescindido su amplia directiva anterior, argumentando que la administración Biden fue demasiado lejos.

“Esta administración cree que la guía sobre necesidades sociales relacionadas con la salud distrajo al programa Medicaid de su misión principal: brindar excelentes resultados de salud a los estadounidenses vulnerables”, declaró Catherine Howden, vocera de los CMS, en un comunicado.

“Esta decisión evita el drenaje de recursos de Medicaid para servicios potencialmente duplicados que ya ofrecen otros programas federales consolidados, incluyendo aquellos que históricamente se han centrado en la inseguridad alimentaria y la vivienda asequible”, agregó Howden, refiriéndose a los cupones de alimentos y los vales para viviendas de bajos ingresos proporcionados a través de otras agencias gubernamentales.

Sin embargo, Trump también ha propuesto recortar la financiación de los programas de vivienda y alimentación para personas de bajos ingresos administrados por agencias como los departamentos de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano y Agricultura, además de las propuestas republicanas de recortes más amplios a Medicaid.

El retiro de fondos ha generado caos y confusión en los estados que han ampliado sus programas de Medicaid, y tanto los líderes liberales como los conservadores temen que el cambio afecta a las inversiones multimillonarias ya en marcha.

Problemas sociales como la falta de vivienda y la inseguridad alimentaria pueden causar, o agravar, problemas de salud física y conductual, lo que resulta en un gasto astronómico en atención médica.

Por ejemplo, la atención médica brindada en hospitales y clínicas solo representa aproximadamente el 15% de la salud general de una persona, mientras que un asombroso 85% está influenciado por factores sociales como el acceso a alimentos saludables y un lugar para dormir, afirmó Anthony Iton, experto en políticas sobre determinantes sociales de salud.

Los expertos en salud advierten que este retiro de la inversión tendrá un precio.

“Simplemente conducirá a más muertes, más sufrimiento y mayores costos de atención médica”, declaró Margot Kushel, médica de atención primaria en San Francisco e investigadora líder sobre personas sin hogar y atención médica.

En un meno del 4 de marzo, la administración Trump anunció que rescindía las directrices de la era Biden que expandían dramáticamente los beneficios experimentales conocidos como necesidades sociales relacionadas con la salud. Se requieren exenciones federales para que los estados utilicen los fondos de Medicaid para la mayoría de los servicios sociales no tradicionales fuera de hospitales y clínicas.

En abril, la administración indicó a los estados que estos servicios, que también pueden incluir internet de alta velocidad y unidades para almacenar datos, no deberían formar parte de Medicaid.

Las futuras solicitudes de exención que permitan a Medicaid prestar servicios sociales —una filosofía liberal— se considerarán caso por caso, dijo la administración. Más bien, esto ha señalado un cambio conservador hacia la exigencia de que la mayoría de los beneficiarios de Medicaid demuestren que trabajan o buscan empleo, lo que pone a aproximadamente 36 millones de estadounidenses en riesgo de perder su cobertura médica.

“Lo que argumentan es que Medicaid se ha expandido mucho más allá de la atención médica básica y que debe recortarse para brindar solo cobertura básica a quienes más la necesitan”, declaró Mark Peterson, experto en políticas sanitarias en UCLA. “Están argumentando, algo que no comparten ampliamente los especialistas en el campo de la salud, que no es responsabilidad de los contribuyentes ni de Medicaid pagar todo esto fuera del sistema de salud tradicional”.

Aunque los estados no han recibido directrices formales para poner fin a sus experimentos sociales, Peterson y otros investigadores de políticas sanitarias esperan que la administración no renueve las exenciones, que suelen aplicarse cada cinco años. Peor aún, los expertos legales afirman que los programas en curso podrían detenerse prematuramente.

La evidencia que respalda las inversiones sociales de Medicaid es aún incipiente. Por ejemplo, una expansión en Massachusetts que proporcionó beneficios alimentarios redujo las visitas a emergencias y las hospitalizaciones. Pero a menudo, los resultados son dispares.

California es la que más está invirtiendo, con una inversión de $12.000 millones a lo largo de cinco años para ofrecer una serie de nuevos servicios, desde la gestión intensiva de casos para ayudar a personas con problemas graves de salud mental hasta la asistencia para vivienda y alimentación a través de dos exenciones federales.

Los beneficios más populares que ofrecen las aseguradoras de salud son aquellos que ayudan a las personas con Medicaid que no tienen hogar, alojándolas en apartamentos o asegurando camas en centros de recuperación, cubriendo hasta $5.000 en depósitos, y previniendo el desalojo. Con resultados mixtos.

Desde su lanzamiento en 2022, el programa CalAIM ha atendido solo a una pequeña fracción de los casi 15 millones de beneficiarios de Medicaid del estado, con aproximadamente 577.000 derivaciones para recibir beneficios.

Sin embargo, ha mejorado e incluso salvado la vida de algunos de los afortunados que recibieron ayuda, como Eric Jones, un residente de Los Ángeles de 65 años.

“Cuando me dio diabetes, no sabía qué hacer y me costaba mucho ir a mis citas médicas”, dijo Jones, quien perdió su vivienda este año tras la muerte de su madre, pero recibía servicios a través de L.A. Care, su aseguradora de Medi-Cal. “Mi gestor de casos me llevaba a mis citas y también me ayudó a encontrar un apartamento”.

California está considerando la posibilidad de que algunos de sus servicios sociales sean permanentes después de que expiren las exenciones de CalAIM a finales de 2026.

La administración del gobernador Gavin Newsom está agregando más servicios de vivienda, incluyendo hasta seis meses de alquiler gratuito en virtud de una tercera exención aprobada por la administración Biden. Los funcionarios de Medi-Cal afirmaron que las primeras pruebas muestran que CalAIM ha mejorado la coordinación de la atención y ha reducido las visitas al hospital y a emergencias.

“Estamos totalmente comprometidos”, dijo Susan Philip, subdirectora del Departamento de Servicios de Atención Médica del estado, que administra el programa. “Hemos invertido muchísimo”.

Las aseguradoras de salud, que ofrecen cobertura de Medicaid y reciben fondos mayores para cubrir estos beneficios adicionales, expresan su preocupación por la posibilidad de que la administración Trump cancele o reduzca los programas.

“Si seguimos haciendo las cosas como siempre, solo generaremos los mismos resultados: más personas enfermando y costos de atención médica que siguen aumentando”, declaró Charles Bacchi, presidente y director ejecutivo de la Asociación de Planes de Salud de California, que representa a las aseguradoras.

Los líderes de la industria afirman que la expansión ya está cambiando vidas.

“Creemos firmemente que la vivienda es salud, la alimentación es salud, por lo que ver desaparecer estos programas sería devastador”, declaró Kelly Bruno-Nelson, directora ejecutiva de Medi-Cal para CalOptima Health, una aseguradora del condado de Orange.

Oregon también ofrece a los pacientes de Medicaid de bajos ingresos una gama de nuevos servicios, que incluyen comidas saludables a domicilio y asistencia para el pago del alquiler. Los residentes incluso pueden calificar para aires acondicionados, calentadores, filtros de aire, generadores de energía y mini refrigeradores. Los funcionarios estatales de Medicaid afirman que mantienen su compromiso con la provisión de los beneficios, pero les preocupan los recortes federales.

“El cambio climático y la inestabilidad de la vivienda son indicadores importantes de mala salud”, afirmó Josh Balloch, vicepresidente de políticas y comunicaciones de salud de AllCare Health, una aseguradora de Medicaid en Oregon. “Esperamos demostrarle al gobierno federal que es una buena inversión”.

Pero incluso mientras la administración Trump reduce las exenciones, conserva la discreción para brindar servicios sociales en Medicaid, solo que a menor escala. Quienes apoyan esta medida afirman que es justo analizar con atención dónde se debe establecer el límite en el gasto público, argumentando que no siempre existe una conexión directa con la salud.

“Estamos observando un aumento en estos aspectos, con el alquiler gratuito, y estamos viendo que algunos estados pagan por internet gratuito y por muebles”, declaró Kody Kinsley, quien anteriormente se desempeñó como el principal funcionario de salud de Carolina del Norte. “Sabemos que hay evidencia para la alimentación y la vivienda, pero con todos estos nuevos beneficios, debemos analizarla detenidamente, y a su vínculo con lo que realmente impulsa la salud”.

Las autoridades actuales de Carolina del Norte afirman confiar en que los nuevos servicios sociales que Medicaid ofrece en su estado han resultado en una mejor salud y una reducción del gasto general en atención médica costosa y de cuidado agudo. Los beneficiarios de Medicaid pueden incluso usar el programa para comprar productos agrícolas frescos.

Si bien es demasiado pronto para saber si estos experimentos han sido efectivos en otras partes de Estados Unidos, la evidencia preliminar en Carolina del Norte es prometedora: el estado ahorró $1.020 por participante al año —principalmente en condados rurales— al reducir las visitas a salas de emergencias y las hospitalizaciones.

Las autoridades sanitarias estatales también destacaron los beneficios económicos de impulsar los negocios de las granjas familiares, los contratistas de remodelaciones en casas, y las organizaciones comunitarias que brindan vivienda y servicios sociales.

“Acepto con satisfacción el reto de demostrar la eficacia de nuestros programas. Esto contribuye a una vida más saludable y a presupuestos más saludables”, declaró Jay Ludlam, subsecretario del programa Medicaid de Carolina del Norte. “Las granjas familiares que estaban al borde del colapso tras el huracán Helene ahora se benefician de ingresos estables a la vez que sirven a su comunidad”.

Esta historia fue producida por Kaiser Health News, que publica California Healthline, un servicio editorialmente independiente de la California Health Care Foundation.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Luego de prometer atención médica universal, el gobernador de California debe reconsiderar la cobertura para inmigrantes https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/luego-de-prometer-atencion-medica-universal-el-gobernador-de-california-debe-reconsiderar-la-cobertura-para-inmigrantes/ Tue, 13 May 2025 13:50:48 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2033587 SACRAMENTO, California — El gobernador Gavin Newsom no esperaba enfrentarse a otra crisis sanitaria.

En marzo, mientras el presidente Donald Trump y los republicanos del Congreso intensificaban el debate nacional sobre la posibilidad de recortar la atención médica para los estadounidenses pobres y con discapacidades, el gobernador demócrata tuvo que informar a los legisladores estatales que los costos del cuidado de salud en California se habían descontrolado.

Esto debido a las grandes iniciativas de Medicaid que Newsom apoyaba, incluyendo la mayor expansión del país de la atención médica financiada con fondos públicos para inmigrantes que viven en Estados Unidos sin papeles.

Sus altos funcionarios del Departamento de Finanzas estatal revelaron con discreción a los legisladores californianos en una carta que el estado había solicitado un préstamo de $3.400 millones para pagar a las aseguradoras, médicos y hospitales que atendían a los pacientes inscritos en el programa estatal del Medicaid, conocido como Medi-Cal.

Ante el aumento de los costos de la atención en medio de una crisis presupuestaria estatal cada vez más profunda, Newsom ahora debe considerar la posibilidad de reducir la cobertura y los beneficios.

El gobernador, en su segundo mandato, se enfrenta a una difícil decisión política: no cumplir con su promesa de lograr una atención médica universal y retirar la cobertura a millones de inmigrantes sin estatus legal, o buscar recortes presupuestarios en otros lugares.

Con casi 15 millones de residentes inscritos en Medi-Cal, California tiene más que perder en materia de atención médica que cualquier otro estado. Sin embargo, aunque Newsom ha condenado la estrategia de Trump sobre los aranceles y las políticas ambientales, se ha mantenido hermético en materia de política de salud.

Para complicar su situación política, las encuestas muestran que brindar cobertura médica a inmigrantes sin papeles cuenta con escaso apoyo. Y cualquier problema presupuestario resultante podría perjudicar su legado político si se postulara a la presidencia en 2028.

“Todos sabemos que los recortes definitivamente se avecinan”, dijo Carlos Alarcón, analista de salud y beneficios públicos del California Immigrant Policy Center, que ha ayudado a impulsar una campaña de una década en el estado para expandir Medicaid a los inmigrantes sin documentos elegibles.

“El gobernador debe cumplir su compromiso; nos decepcionaremos mucho si vemos recortes y reducciones. En tiempos difíciles, siempre son nuestras comunidades marginadas y desatendidas las que salen perdiendo”, agregó.

California permite a cualquier adulto de bajos ingresos inscribirse en Medi-Cal si gana el 138% del nivel federal de pobreza, o $21.597 al año o menos, independientemente de su estatus migratorio. Sin embargo, los costos han sido mucho más altos de lo esperado.

El gobernador demócrata Jerry Brown amplió Medi-Cal a las personas de 19 años o menos sin papeles, pero expresó su reticencia a extenderlo más allá de ese grupo debido a los posibles costos.

Newsom promulgó leyes que incluyen a las personas de 20 años o más. Se estima que 1.6 millones de inmigrantes sin estatus legal ahora están cubiertos, y los costos se han disparado a $9.500 millones al año, en comparación con los $6.400 millones estimados en noviembre. El gobierno federal aporta aproximadamente $1.1 mil millones de ese total para atención médica del embarazo y emergencias.

“Podemos expandirnos por pura generosidad a todas partes, pero en cuanto estos recursos se agoten, todos perdemos. Estamos llegando a un punto crítico”, dijo el asambleísta de California David Tangipa (republicano de Fresno). “O asumimos la responsabilidad fiscal, o no habrá servicios para nadie, incluyendo a los californianos y a los inmigrantes indocumentados”.

Los líderes demócratas responsables de aprobar el presupuesto estatal no aceptaron entrevistas. En un comunicado, la senadora estatal María Elena Durazo (demócrata de Los Ángeles) quien defendió la expansión en la Legislatura, declaró: “Revertir este progreso sería una decisión perjudicial y obtusa”.

Los legisladores están considerando congelar la inscripción de inmigrantes sin papeles, imponer medidas de costos compartidos como copagos o primas sobre los medicamentos, o restringir los beneficios, según personas familiarizadas con el tema, que pidieron no ser identificadas para proteger sus relaciones en el Capitolio estatal.

Sin embargo, es poco probable que Newsom recorte drásticamente los fondos en su revisión presupuestaria, publicada el 14 de mayo. En cambio, los recortes se producirían si los republicanos del Congreso aprueban un acuerdo presupuestario con importantes reducciones al gasto federal en Medicaid.

“Esto va a ser muy problemático para el gobernador. Los recortes del presupuesto afectarán la vida de millones de inmigrantes que recién comienzan a tener atención médica, pero el gobernador tiene que hacer algo, porque esto no es sostenible”, dijo Mark Peterson, experto en atención médica y política nacional de la UCLA.

“La posibilidad de recortar otros gastos para apoyar a los inmigrantes que viven en el país sin autorización sería una estrategia política difícil; no creo que eso suceda”, dijo.

Si Newsom, junto con la Legislatura controlada por los demócratas, se viera obligado a realizar recortes, podría argumentar que no tenía otra opción. Trump y los republicanos del Congreso han amenazado a estados como California con la última propuesta de la Cámara de Representantes de EE.UU. de recortar la financiación de Medicaid en 10 puntos porcentuales para los estados que ofrecen cobertura a inmigrantes sin papeles.

Para Newsom, Trump podría ser un chivo expiatorio fácil, dicen analistas.

“Puede culpar a Trump; el dinero disponible es limitado”, dijo Mike Madrid, analista político republicano anti-Trump en California, especializado en temas latinos. “Esto está haciendo que la gente vea la atención médica que no puede pagar y se pregunte: ‘¿Por qué demonios se la damos gratis a quienes están aquí sin documentos?’”.

El costo exorbitante ha sido una sorpresa.

En la primera propuesta presupuestaria de Newsom como gobernador, en la que propuso ampliar Medi-Cal a los adultos jóvenes sin documentos, su administración estimó que extender los beneficios a todas las personas elegibles, independientemente de su estatus, costaría aproximadamente $2.4 mil millones anuales. Pero la última cifra reportada a los legisladores fue casi cuatro veces mayor.

Newsom se negó a responder preguntas de KFF Health News, y en su lugar hizo referencia a comentarios anteriores que dejan la puerta abierta a la posibilidad de reducir Medi-Cal. El gobernador destacó las conversaciones “serias” con los legisladores y afirmó que recortar el programa es una “pregunta abierta” en la que el presidente influirá considerablemente.

“¿Cuál es el impacto de Donald Trump en muchos de estos temas? ¿Cuál es el impacto del vandalismo federal en muchos de estos programas?”, se preguntó Newsom retóricamente en diciembre, sugiriendo que no está claro si podrá sostener la expansión para los inmigrantes sin papeles en los próximos años.

Newsom expandió Medi-Cal en tres fases, comenzando con los inmigrantes de 19 a 25 años, quienes se volvieron elegibles en 2020, resistiendo la presión de los defensores de la atención médica para una expansión grande y costosa. Argumentó que hacerlo de forma gradual, en última instancia, ahorraría dinero a California.

“Es lo correcto moral y éticamente”, dijo Newsom en 2020. “También es lo financieramente responsable”.

Los superávits presupuestarios récord de los últimos años permitieron que los demócratas continuaran. Los adultos mayores de 50 a 64 años comenzaron a ser elegibles en 2022, y Newsom cerró la brecha al año siguiente, aprobando la cobertura para el grupo más numeroso, el de 26 a 49 años, a partir de 2024.

Sin embargo, los costos han aumentado muchísimo, mientras que el panorama presupuestario se ha deteriorado, según un análisis de KFF de los registros más recientes de 2023 disponibles del Departamento de Servicios de Atención Médica del estado, que administra Medi-Cal.

Por fuera de los niños, fue más caro brindar cobertura de Medicaid a los inmigrantes sin estatus legal que a los residentes legales. Por ejemplo, Medi-Cal pagó a L.A. Care, una gran aseguradora de salud en Los Ángeles, un promedio de $495.32 mensuales por brindar atención a un adulto sin hijos sin papeles, y $266.77 por un residente legal sin hijos.

No solo fue más caro para los inmigrantes sin estatus legal, sino que California asumió la mayor parte del costo.

El estado pagó aproximadamente entre el 60% y el 70% de los costos de atención médica para un inmigrante adulto sin hijos cubierto por L.A. Care, y alrededor del 10% para un residente legal sin hijos. Estos costos no abarcan el costo total de la atención, que puede variar según en donde viven los pacientes de Medi-Cal, y aumentar al surtir recetas, ir al dentista o buscar atención de salud mental.

Estos pagos también varían según la aseguradora, pero la tendencia se mantiene en todos los planes de Medi-Cal. En la mayor parte del estado, los pacientes pueden elegir entre más de un plan de salud.

En muchos casos, la cobertura para los niños sin estatus legal fue más económica que la de los niños con residencia legal. Generalmente, los niños son más saludables y necesitan menos atención.

Mike Genest, quien se desempeñó como director de finanzas durante el gobierno del ex gobernador republicano Arnold Schwarzenegger, argumentó que el estado debería haber previsto el enorme costo.

“La idea de que a largo plazo podamos pagar la atención médica para todas estas personas indocumentadas es insostenible”, dijo Genest.

Si bien ahora los costos son altos, la expansión de Medi-Cal generará ahorros a largo plazo para los contribuyentes y el sistema de salud, afirmó Anthony Wright, quien anteriormente presionó a favor de la expansión como director de la organización sin fines de lucro Health Access y ahora lucha contra los recortes a Medicaid como director ejecutivo de Families USA, con sede en Washington, D.C.

“De todas formas, seguirán acudiendo a nuestro sistema de salud”, afirmó Wright. “Dejarlos sin seguro médico solo resultará en salas de emergencia más congestionadas y costará aún más. No tiene sentido económico que no tengan seguro; eso les quita ingresos cruciales a clínicas y hospitales, lo que solo causa más problemas”.

Esta historia fue producida por KFF Health News, que publica California Healthline, un servicio editorialmente independiente de la California Health Care Foundation.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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After Promising Universal Health Care, California Governor Must Reconsider Immigrant Coverage https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/california-governor-newsom-medicaid-universal-health-care-immigrant-coverage-trump-political-tightrope/ Tue, 13 May 2025 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=2032911 SACRAMENTO, Calif. — Gov. Gavin Newsom didn’t expect to be reckoning with another health care crisis.

In March, as President Donald Trump and congressional Republicans escalated a nationwide debate over whether to slash health care for poor and disabled Americans, the Democratic governor had to tell state lawmakers that California’s health care costs had spiraled out of control due to major Medicaid initiatives he backed — including the nation’s largest expansion of taxpayer-financed health care for immigrants living in the U.S. without legal permission.

His top officials at the state Department of Finance quietly disclosed to California lawmakers in a letter that the state had borrowed $3.4 billion to pay health insurers, doctors, and hospitals caring for patients enrolled in California’s Medicaid program, known as Medi-Cal. Facing rising health care costs amid a deepening state budget crisis, Newsom now must contemplate rolling back coverage and benefits.

The second-term governor faces a tough political decision: renege on his promise to achieve universal health care and strip coverage from millions of immigrants who lack legal status or look elsewhere for budget cuts. With nearly 15 million low-income or disabled residents enrolled in Medi-Cal, California has more to lose on health care than any other state. Yet even as Newsom has condemned Trump’s approach to tariffs and environmental policies, he has been tight-lipped on health policy.

Complicating his political tightrope: Polling shows that providing health care coverage for immigrants without legal status has tepid support. And any resulting budget trouble could harm his political legacy should he run for president in 2028.

“We all know that the cuts are definitely coming,” said Carlos Alarcon, a health and public benefits analyst with the California Immigrant Policy Center, which has helped spearhead a decade-long campaign in California to expand Medicaid to eligible immigrants without legal status. “The governor should keep his commitment — we’ll be very disappointed if we see cuts and rollbacks. When times get hard, it’s always our marginalized and underserved communities that lose out.”

California allows any low-income adults to enroll in Medi-Cal if they earn 138% of the federal poverty level, or $21,597 a year or less, regardless of immigration status. But the costs have been dramatically higher than expected.

Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown expanded Medi-Cal to people age 19 and younger without legal status, but he expressed reluctance to go further because of potential costs. Newsom signed bills into law adding people age 20 and older. An estimated 1.6 million immigrants without legal status are now covered, and costs have soared to $9.5 billion per year, up from $6.4 billion estimated in November. The federal government chips in roughly $1.1 billion of that total for pregnancy and emergency care.

“We can expand out of the graciousness of our heart to everywhere and anywhere, but the moment these resources run out, now everybody loses. We’re hitting that breaking point,” said California Assembly member David Tangipa, a Fresno Republican. “Either we get fiscally responsible, or there’s not going to be services for anybody — and that includes the Californian and the undocumented immigrant.”

Democratic leaders responsible for approving the state budget declined interviews. In a statement, state Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Los Angeles Democrat, who championed the expansion in the legislature, said, “Rolling back this progress would be a harmful and shortsighted decision.”

Lawmakers are considering freezing enrollment for immigrants without legal status, imposing cost-sharing measures such as drug copays or premiums, or restricting benefits, according to people familiar with the matter, who asked not to be identified to protect relationships at the state Capitol.

However, it’s unlikely Newsom will slash funding in his budget revision set for release on May 14. Instead, cuts would follow if congressional Republicans approve a budget deal with major reductions in federal spending on Medicaid.

“This is going to be very problematic for the governor. Budget cuts will disrupt the lives of millions of immigrants who just got health care, but the governor has got to do something, because this is not sustainable,” said Mark Peterson, an expert on health care and national politics at UCLA. “The prospect of cutting other places in order to support immigrants living in the country illegally would be a hard political sale; I don’t see that happening.”

Should Newsom, along with the Democratic-controlled legislature, be forced to make cuts, he could argue he had no choice. Trump and congressional Republicans have threatened states like California with the latest U.S. House proposal cutting Medicaid funding by 10 percentage points for states that provide coverage for immigrants without legal status.For Newsom, political analysts say, Trump could make an easy scapegoat.

“He can blame Trump — there’s only so much money to go around,” said Mike Madrid, an anti-Trump Republican political analyst in California who specializes in Latino issues. “It’s making people look at the health care that they can’t afford and ask, ‘Why the hell are we giving it for free to people who are here illegally?’”

The exorbitant cost has come as somewhat of a surprise.

In Newsom’s first budget proposal as governor — in which he called for expanding Medi-Cal to young adults without legal status — his administration estimated it would cost roughly $2.4 billion annually to extend benefits to all eligible people regardless of status. But the latest figure reported to legislators was nearly four times as much.

Newsom declined to respond to questions from KFF Health News, instead referencing previous comments that leave the door open to scaling back Medi-Cal. The governor noted “sober” discussions with lawmakers and said cutting Medi-Cal is “an open-ended question” that the president will heavily influence.

“What’s the impact of Donald Trump on a lot of these things? What’s the impact of federal vandalism to a lot of these programs?” Newsom asked rhetorically in December, suggesting it’s unclear whether he’ll be able to sustain the expansion to immigrants without legal status in future years.

Newsom expanded Medi-Cal in three phases, starting with immigrants ages 19 to 25, who became eligible in 2020, resisting pressure from health care advocates for one big, costly expansion. He argued doing it incrementally would ultimately save California money.

“It is the right thing morally and ethically,” Newsom said in 2020. “It is also the financially responsible thing to do.”

Record budget surpluses in recent years allowed Democrats to continue. Older adults ages 50 to 64 became eligible in 2022, and Newsom closed the gap the following year, approving coverage starting in 2024 for the biggest group, those ages 26 to 49.

But the costs have grown tremendously while the budget picture has soured, according to a KFF Health News analysis of the most recent 2023 records available from the state Department of Health Care Services, which administers Medi-Cal.

Aside from children, it was more expensive to provide Medicaid coverage to immigrants without legal status than to legal residents. For instance, Medi-Cal paid L.A. Care, a major health insurer in Los Angeles, an average of $495.32 monthly to provide care for a childless adult without legal status and $266.77 for a legal resident without kids.

Not only were immigrants without legal status more expensive, California footed most of the cost. The state paid roughly between 60% and 70% of health care costs for a childless adult immigrant covered by L.A. Care, and about 10% for a legal resident without kids. Those costs don’t encapsulate the entire cost of providing care, which can vary depending on where Medi-Cal patients live, and grow higher when filling prescriptions, going to the dentist, or seeking mental health care.

These payments also differ by insurer, but the trend holds across the state’s Medi-Cal health insurance plans. Patients in most of the state can choose from more than one health plan.

Children without legal status in many cases were cheaper to cover than children who were legal residents. Generally, kids are healthier and require less care.

Mike Genest, who served as finance director under former Republican Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, argued that the state should have planned for the immense price tag.

“The idea that we’d be able to afford in the long run paying for health care for all these undocumented people — it’s beyond unsustainable,” Genest said.

While costs are high now, the expansion of Medi-Cal will result in long-term savings to taxpayers and the health care system, said Anthony Wright, who previously lobbied for the expansion as the head of the nonprofit Health Access and is now fighting Medicaid cuts as the executive director of Families USA, based in Washington, D.C.

“They’re going to be showing up in our health care system regardless,” Wright said. “Leaving them without health insurance is just going to end in more crowded emergency rooms, and it’s going to cost even more. It doesn’t make any sense economically for them to be uninsured; that takes critical revenue from clinics and hospitals, just causing more problems.”

This article was produced by KFF Health News, which publishes California Healthline, an editorially independent service of the California Health Care Foundation. 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Treatment Tops Housing in Trump Homeless Policy https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/the-week-in-brief-trump-homelessness-treatment-over-housing/ Fri, 28 Mar 2025 18:30:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?p=2008518&post_type=article&preview_id=2008518 Is homelessness a mental health and addiction crisis, or is it driven by an affordable housing crisis? That question underpins the debate among policymakers and politicians struggling to move people off the streets faster than they become homeless. 

Researchers say housing is the most important intervention to end homelessness, and now a report from the University of California-San Francisco sheds deeper insight: While California’s high housing costs and low incomes drive people into homelessness, those with behavioral health conditions face added risk of becoming homeless. And once people lose housing, homelessness makes them more likely to use drugs or experience a mental health problem. 

The report found that nearly half of homeless adults in California have a serious mental health condition or use drugs or alcohol, and 42% of people who regularly use drugs began doing so after becoming homeless. 

“Complex behavioral health needs, including substance and mental health problems, increase the risk of becoming homeless, and homelessness exacerbates these problems,” said Margot Kushel, director of the Benioff Homelessness and Housing Initiative at UCSF. 

Kushel and others argue that housing and supportive services are critical. Instead, President Donald Trump is pushing a treatment-first approach. 

During his campaign, Trump called for relocating homeless people to large camps and forcing treatment, a punitive approach that he says will come with jail time if people refuse. 

Now in office, Trump has launched a broad assault on “Housing First.” 

The nationwide anti-homelessness policy, aimed at getting people into permanent housing, was created under President George W. Bush and for decades has steered federal funding into housing and social service programs. 

Already, city and county officials are being told that the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development “will not enforce” homelessness contracts if they follow the Housing First model. And as Trump officials seek major funding cuts, the president this month issued an order shrinking the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, which was established under President Ronald Reagan to coordinate homelessness initiatives around the nation. 

The focus has been on offering housing and voluntary treatment, even if those promises elude too many people. Now, those programs will be eroded. 

Democratic U.S. Rep. Maxine Waters of Los Angeles warns: “Make no mistake that Trump’s reckless attacks across the federal government will supercharge the housing and homelessness crisis in communities across the country.” 

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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